WCAG 1.2.7: Extended Audio Description (Prerecorded)

WCAG (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) Success Criterion 1.2.7 focuses on ensuring that all essential visual information in prerecorded video content is accessible to individuals who are blind or have low vision. This criterion specifically addresses situations where standard audio description, which fits into natural pauses in dialogue, is insufficient to convey the full meaning of complex visual scenes.

By requiring Extended Audio Description, WCAG 1.2.7 ensures that users have enough time to hear detailed explanations of critical visual elements, even if it means pausing the video action momentarily.

What is Extended Audio Description?

Extended Audio Description (often abbreviated as extended AD) is a specialized form of audio description that provides comprehensive verbal narration of visual details in video content. It differs from standard audio description in a crucial way:

• Standard Audio Description: Narrates visual information during existing natural pauses in dialogue or narration, without altering the video’s timing.
• Extended Audio Description: Is provided when the visual information is so dense or rapid that natural pauses are insufficient for a complete description. To accommodate this, the video’s playback is paused or extended to allow for a longer, more detailed narration. This often results in a separate version of the video.

This criterion applies to all prerecorded video content, meaning it does not apply to live broadcasts.

Why Extended Audio Description Matters

For individuals who are blind or have severe low vision, visual information is inaccessible. Without proper audio description, critical plot points, character expressions, on-screen text, scene changes, and complex actions may be entirely missed, leading to a fragmented or incomprehensible experience.

• Accessibility Impact

  Extended audio description bridges the gap between visual and auditory experiences. It ensures that the full narrative, educational, or entertainment value of video content is conveyed, preventing exclusion and promoting equal access.

• Affected User Groups

  The primary beneficiaries are individuals who are blind, profoundly visually impaired, or have cognitive disabilities that benefit from more time to process information. Without extended AD, these users would be unable to follow complex visual sequences, understand crucial non-verbal cues, or grasp the full context of the content.

• Benefits of Rich Visual Information

  A truly accessible video experience means that a user relying solely on audio can understand the full scope of the visual narrative, including:

  • Descriptions of people, objects, and settings.
  • Actions and body language that convey meaning.
  • On-screen text, signs, and labels.
  • Changes in scene or camera angles that are significant to the story.

WCAG 2.1 Requirements for SC 1.2.7

Success Criterion 1.2.7 is a Level AAA criterion. While not a minimum requirement for general accessibility, achieving AAA compliance demonstrates a high commitment to providing the most inclusive experience possible.

The full wording of the criterion is:

1.2.7 Extended Audio Description (Prerecorded): Extended audio description is provided for all prerecorded video content where pauses in dialogue are insufficient.

Key Requirements:

• Applies to Prerecorded Video: This criterion is only for video content that is not live.
• When Pauses Are Insufficient: The critical trigger for this criterion is when there are not enough natural pauses in the video’s dialogue or narration to fit all necessary visual descriptions. If standard audio description can convey all essential visual information without altering timing, extended AD is not strictly required by this criterion, though it may still be beneficial.
• Comprehensive Description: The extended description must cover all essential visual information required to understand the content.
• Synchronized: The description must be synchronized with the video content, even if it means pausing the video to allow the description to play.

Practical Guidelines for Compliance

Implementing extended audio description requires careful planning and execution, often involving a post-production process.

How to Provide Extended Audio Description

1. Content Analysis: Review the prerecorded video content to identify all critical visual information that is not conveyed through existing audio (dialogue, sound effects, standard narration).
2. Assess Description Needs: Determine if standard audio description can adequately convey this information within natural pauses. If not, extended audio description is needed.
3. Scripting: Write a detailed script for the extended audio description. Focus on being objective, concise, and providing only essential visual information. Avoid interpreting or editorializing.
4. Production: Record the extended audio description with professional narrators.
5. Integration: This is often the most complex step. Extended audio description typically involves creating a separate version of the video where the original video’s playback is paused or extended at strategic points to allow the longer description to play. The new audio track (original audio + extended description) is then mixed with this altered video.
6. Delivery: Offer users a clear choice to access the version of the video with extended audio description. This can be done via a separate link, a toggle button within a media player, or an option within the video player’s settings.

Content of Extended Audio Description

• Objective and Factual: Describe what is visually present without bias.
• Concise yet Comprehensive: Provide enough detail to understand the scene without overwhelming the listener.
• Contextual: Explain visual elements in the context of the overall narrative.
• Well-Paced: The narration should be clear and understandable, allowing listeners to follow the description easily.

Examples

The technical implementation of extended audio description often involves delivering a completely separate video file or using a sophisticated media player capable of dynamic pausing and audio track switching.

<!-- Example 1: Offering two distinct video versions -->
<h3>Choose Your Viewing Option:</h3>
<p>
    <a href="my-complex-video-standard.html">Watch Standard Version (with optional standard audio description)</a>
</p>
<p>
    <a href="my-complex-video-extended-ad.html"><strong>Watch with Extended Audio Description</strong></a>
</p>

<!-- Example 2: Player with a selector for extended AD version -->
<div class="video-player-container">
    <video id="mainVideo" controls poster="video-thumbnail.jpg">
        <source src="my-complex-video-standard.mp4" type="video/mp4">
        <!-- A standard audio description track can still be offered for the standard version -->
        <track kind="descriptions" src="standard-ad.vtt" srclang="en" label="Standard Audio Description">
        Your browser does not support the video tag.
    </video>
    <div class="video-options">
        <label for="ad-version-select">Audio Description Version:</label>
        <select id="ad-version-select" onchange="switchVideoVersion(this.value)">
            <option value="standard">Standard</option>
            <option value="extended">Extended Audio Description</option>
        </select>
    </div>
</div>

<script>
function switchVideoVersion(version) {
    const video = document.getElementById('mainVideo');
    const standardSrc = 'my-complex-video-standard.mp4';
    const extendedSrc = 'my-complex-video-extended-ad.mp4'; // URL to video with extended AD
    const currentTime = video.currentTime; // Preserve current playback time

    if (version === 'extended') {
        if (video.src.indexOf(extendedSrc) === -1) { // Only change if not already extended version
            video.src = extendedSrc;
            video.load(); // Reload the video element
            video.currentTime = currentTime; // Attempt to resume from same time
            video.play();
        }
    } else {
        if (video.src.indexOf(standardSrc) === -1) { // Only change if not already standard version
            video.src = standardSrc;
            video.load();
            video.currentTime = currentTime;
            video.play();
        }
    }
}
</script>

<video controls poster="video-thumbnail.jpg">
    <source src="my-complex-video.mp4" type="video/mp4">
    <!-- Only provides captions, or no audio description at all -->
    <track kind="captions" src="captions.vtt" srclang="en" label="English Captions">
    Your browser does not support the video tag.
</video>

Best Practices and Common Pitfalls

Best Practices

• Integrate Early: Plan for extended audio description during the content creation or editing phase, not as an afterthought. This makes the integration process smoother and often more cost-effective.
• Professional Narration: Use experienced narrators whose voices are clear, consistent, and pleasant to listen to.
• User Testing: Test the extended audio description with individuals who rely on it to ensure clarity, completeness, and synchronization.
• Clear Labelling: Ensure that the option to access extended audio description is clearly labeled and easy to find within your media player or content delivery platform.
• Transcripts and Alternatives: While not a replacement, providing a full text transcript that includes all visual details can serve as an additional accessible alternative for complex videos.

Common Pitfalls

• Underestimating the Need: Assuming standard audio description is always sufficient. Many videos, especially those with fast-paced action or dense visual information, require extended AD.
• Poor Quality Description: Descriptions that are too vague, too fast, poorly timed, or delivered by an untrained narrator can be as unhelpful as no description at all.
• Technical Hurdles: Lack of support in chosen media players for advanced AD features, leading to complex custom development or compromise on delivery methods.
• Lack of Discoverability: Hiding the option for extended audio description, making it difficult for users to find and activate it.
• Cost Concerns: Perceiving extended audio description as an unnecessary expense, rather than a crucial investment in accessibility and audience reach.

Further Resources

• Understanding SC 1.2.7: Extended Audio Description (Prerecorded)
• WCAG 2.1 Success Criterion 1.2.7
• WAI Audio Description Guide